تحياتي للمهندس وليد سمير و اتمني المزيد من الاستفسارات و الاسئله ,,,, و نتمني من مشرفنا العزيز م/مصطفي ,,, تثبيت الموضوع أشكركم جميعا

و هل تعتقد اني سوف استجيب بهذه البساطه
و ما هي مهمتي اذن اذا استجبت لطلبك سريعا !!
مــــــــــــاذا افعل في هذا الملتقي اذن ؟؟
انت لا تعلــــــم مــــــا هي واجباتي هنا اليس كذلك !
لانك اذا كنت تعلم ما كنت طلبت هذا الطلب


لذلك لن استجيب لطلبك بسرعه ابــــــدا ابــــــــدا ....




و لكنــــــي ســــــوف استجيــــــــــب في منتهـــــــــــــي الســــــــــــــرعه

و ذلك تقديرا لمجهوداتك الكبييييره معانا و تعاونك الملحوظ

جزاك الله كــــــل خيـــــر اخــــــي الاكبر / Aboayoy

ايها النــاظر بعدي في كتـــابـــــي ... مستفيـــدا منه مرغـــوب الطـــلاب

قــاطفــا منه ثمــارا نسقـــت ... بــاجتهـــادي بمشيبــــــي و الشبـــــــــاب

اهد لــي منـــك دعـــــا صالحـــــا ... و تحــــري فيه اوقـــــات الاجـــــــاب

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

أرسل أصلا بواسطة ghost جزاك الله خيرآ اخى على الرد ولكن لى استفسار اخر 1- ماهو جهاز التحكم الخاص بهذه الصواريخ يعنى هل يعتمد على التحكم الألى للصاروخ نفسه ام يتم التحكم بواسطه محطات ارضيه ولو تكرمت بكتابه نيذه قصيره عن انواع التحكم بها ومالطرق المستخدمه بها ومره اخرى اسف على الاطاله

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

We came to the point where we needed to know about rocket guidance.
The best two books we found on the subject are "Guided Weapon Control
Systems" by Paul Garnell, 1980. (A good book, but out of print. See a
college or university library. If they don't have it, get an inter-library
loan.) And "Tactical & Strategic Missile Guidance", 1990 by Paul Zarchan.
He has some FORTRAN programs that can be rewritten into BASIC, and the book
is very readable. Chapter two is most applicable to small rockets. Chapter
nine is also useful. It's helpful to read these two books together if
possible. In a library these are found as: UG 1310.(author's initial) (35
or 37) (year), Library of Congress system. Also good is the article
"Sidewinder" in "Invention and Technology" magazine, Fall 1989, pp. 56-63.
In the library you may also see "Radar Homing Guidance for Tactical
Missiles" by James. Some pages were useful. "Automatic Control of
Aircraft and Missiles" by Blakelock, is about autopilots. Very scholarly.
The newest book we've found (1991) is "Modern Navig., Guid. and Control
Processing" by Ching-Fang Lin, which is still in print.
To help you appreciate rocket guidance, just imagine you're running
at a right angle to get on a moving bus which has its door open. There
are basically four methods of getting to the door. (1) You could simply
run straight toward the door at all times as it moves. (2) You could run
at a fixed course that depends on the your speed and some initial sightline
angle. (3) You could lead by a changing angle that depends on your speed
and the bus' angular speed. (proportional navigation) (4) You could run at
some constant sighting angle to the door at all times (demand angle of
sight). Some of these strategies work more efficiently than others, but
might be impractical to implement in an amateur rocket.
Sighting on the door, your sightline swings at some angular speed.
Proportional navigation means that your running-path rotation rate is
faster than the sightline rotation rate by some constant multiplier. So
eventually your path will be "correct" and your sightline angle won't
change. Now you are on a perfect intercept course. The higher the
multiplier number, the faster you correct your path early in the flight
and the less correction is needed later in the flight.
This multiplier number is called the navigation constant. By the way,
if it is 1, you're just running straight at the door. This choice is
simple to implement, but it's a poor choice when you get close to the
door, because the bus may go faster than you can run! And as you get very
close, the bus may change speed or direction.
Steering a rocket using proportional navigation depends on three factors.
The sideways or lateral acceleration, called latax, given to the rocket
must be the product of: (1) the navigation constant times (2) the closing
velocity times (3) the target sightline rotation rate. Sounds simple
enough. The difficulty comes from how you measure the last one, how you
measure the rocket's true orientation and motion rates in space
and how you implement the control motions.
The multiplier number is always 1 or higher and the closing speed
can't be zero if you want to have intercept, so let's look at the last
factor. This is the one you want to have be zero, which means that
you're on a collision course and you now need no further correction.
Approaching impact, the target always appears to be at the SAME angle.
Early ship captains knew that this was a sure sign a collision at sea
was about happen, and which would ruin their whole day!
An interesting curiosity regarding the perfect initial lead angle is
that if your rocket has the same vertical speed as the target's constant
horizontal speed during its entire flight and the target flies straight,
you need only to launch at exactly as many degrees ahead of the target as
the target is seen in degrees above the horizon at the instant of launch.
If the navigation constant is 2, the sightline angle is always constant
and the rocket will move in a circle. (The angle you use is dependent on
closing speed.) The navigation constant ideally is 3, needing the least
correction over the entire flight. In reality it varies from 2 to 5,
depending on the motions of the target and the rocket. The navigation
constant depends roughly on the area of the fins and the fin swing angle.
This can be measured in a wind tunnel.
The closing velocity is how fast the rocket and target come together.
But if we're only hitting a towed kite or bunch of balloons, the closing
velocity is the vertical velocity. You can find this speed using a BASIC
rocket flight dynamics program, providing you know your individual rocket's
true parameters. Or you can track it using a camera-theodolite.
How do we account for the sightline swing? We don't. An operator
watches a TV monitor and controls sightline angle. A concentric circle
representing the chosen angle is marked on the screen. The operator is to
keep the target on the circle (not centered) with it's flight direction
passing thru the center of the screen. Automatic roll control is a must,
by using the sun's position or a good model-helo gyro.
Latax is produced by aerodynamic forces acting on control surfaces.
This force increases with speed if fins are rigid. Twice the speed means
four times the force! We could keep this force proportional to fin angle
by keeping the speed constant. But a better way is by making the force
independent of speed. You can do this simply by spring-loading the
control surfaces, like the Sidewinder's. Measure the side force on the
rocket in the wind tunnel. Choose the spring stiffness such that the
servo angle is proportional to the latax force at different wind speeds.
This way the same joystick motion gives the same control force.
In the wind tunnel, the air speed is the "closing speed" in the case of
flying up to hit a target. Getting technical, the control surfaces put a
force on the rocket. This is ahead of the CG and even farther ahead of
the CP. This torque accelerates the rotation like a weathervane around
the CP, at a rate that depends on the torque divided by the moment of
inertia. Whatever.
The main thing is to have a stable rocket with sufficient control to
do the job, found by some trial-and-error. Using a stable rocket, having
a cooperative target, using roll hold and an operator looking at video
from the rocket, we can do a creditable job of coming pretty close to the
target.
Included are some IBM BASICA (GW-BASIC) computer programs to display
possible engagement trajectories. They show the path of the rocket going
after a target flying along the top edge from right to left. Sightlines
are drawn from the rocket to the target. These paths are not dynamically
correct. But they can reveal some general ideas.
PROPONAV begins with the rocket on the ground in line with target path.
You input the initial launch point in reference to where the target enters
the view, the angle from vertical rocket axis to the target at launch, the
navigational ratio and the rocket's speed compared to the target's speed.
The program stops if the target got away, the rocket goes off the display
or the rocket went past the target. A small crossbar is drawn at the rocket
location at the end of the engagement. The screen height and width are
equal by pixel count but not geometrically. The program may end when the
target & rocket are very close with a BASIC round-off error.
SIGHTANG is a display of what path would occur if an operator or a
fuzzy-logic system kept the target at the same leading angle to the rocket
axis at all times. This is "demand angle of look". It seems to be the
system most amenable to a simple autonomous system. The program assumes
the launch direction is in line with the target flight path and that roll
is held fixed. The height and width are equal by pixel count. There is a
speed look-up data table in lines 20-50. You can find out from a BASIC
dynamics program, a video theodolite or by telemetry how your actual rocket
performs with a given motor. Divide the expected flight time up to the
target's altitude into 160 segments. Take the true speed in each interval,
multiply by 1.24 (for proper aspect ratio on the screen) and key this into
the DATA lines. Delete line 430 RESTORE. That is there only if the speed
is constant and line 26 is the single data entry.
Real-world rockets are a marvel of complex ingenuity. Integrating gyros,
rate gyros, accelerometers, resolvers (control mixers), rollerons,
(gyroscopic/aerodynamic roll stabilizers), range radar, Doppler radar
(speed-finding "police" radar) and filters (computers to modify several
control-input signals into desired outputs). They measure the true space
motions and angles of the rocket and target. They must control the rocket
correctly. Priority one is that they must work, in all circumstances, with
many sources of "noise" and with little human assistance.
We don't have those pressures because we're going slow and "setting up"
the target. We will conveniently ignore noise. Like the sun-eye roll
control that is causing the rocket to roll back and forth. Imperfect
joystick skill. The time lag in the servos. The wind blowing. The control
fins fluttering. The target not cooperating. The actual motor you're using
isn't the same as the average motor. The fins aren't exactly straight. The
list goes on.
Real rockets must account for all these conditions. When they get it
right, they're called kinetic energy weapons or "hittiles" (as opposed to
"missiles"). They hit, not miss and their kinetic energy does the damage.
This is a source of wonderment to us.
We tried SACLOS (semi-automatic-command-line-of-sight) control using a
simple circuit, TV camera and a bright light on a radio-control car. It
was a full-throw right-or-left-turn, no-neutral system and did not work
well.
A word about potential for misuse is appropriate. We have encountered
a few individuals who fear technological changes as the end of the world,
especially if it seems to them to be "dangerous". Perhaps they fear
backlash by federal regulators. But you can't uninvent any of the crucial
components that make our projects possible. The motive is not to use this
rocket or this report to promote mayhem, but to help us understand guidance
principles.

Abbreviations:
CG - center of gravity (balance point)
CP - center of (aerodynamic) pressure
latax - lateral acceleration
PROPONAV BASIC program
SIGHTANG BASIC program
SACLOS Autonomous Guidance
Rocket backpack flight back to home page

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب

مقاطع فيديو لبعض قصص أعتناق الإسلام في الغرب