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General *******s
Introduction
- A Process Control System
- Important Terms and the Objective of Automatic Process Control
- Regulatory and Servo Control
- Transmission Signals, Control Systems, and Other Terms
- Control Strategies
- Background Needed for Process Control
Mathematical Tools for Control Systems Analysis
- The Laplace Transform
- Solution of Differential Equations Using the Laplace Transform
- Characterization of Process Performance
- Response of First-Order Systems
- Response of Second-Order Systems
- Linearization
- Review of Complex-Number Algebra
First-Order Dynamic Systems
- Processes and the Importance of Process Characteristics
- Thermal Process Example
- Dead Time
- Transfer Functions and Block Diagrams
- Gas Process Example
- Chemical Reactors
- Effects of Process Nonlinearities
Higher-Order Dynamic Systems
- Noninteracting Systems
- Interacting Systems
- Response of Higher-Order Systems
- Other Types of Process Responses
Basic Components of Control Systems
- Sensors and Transmitters
- Control Valves
- Feedback Controllers
Design of Single-Loop Feedback Control Systems
- The Feedback Control Loop
- Stability of the Control Loop
Tuning of Feedback Controllers
- Quarter Decay Ratio Response by Ultimate Gain
- Open-Loop Process Characterization
- Tuning Controllers for Integrating Processes
- Synthesis of Feedback Controllers
- Tips for Feedback Controller Tuning
Root Locus
- Some Definitions
- Analysis of Feedback Control Systems by Root Locus
- Rules for Plotting Root Locus Diagrams
Frequency Response Techniques
- Frequency Response
- Frequency Response Stability Criterion
- Polar Plots
- Nichols Plots
- Pulse Testing
Cascade Control
- A Process Example
- Stability Considerations
- Implementation and Tuning of Controllers
- Other Process Examples
Override and Selective Control
- Computing Algorithms
- Override, or Constraint, Control
- Selective Control
Ratio and Feedforward Control
- Ratio Control
- Feedforward Control
- The Feedforward Concept
- Block Diagram Design of Linear Feedforward Controllers
- Lead/Lag Term
- Design of Nonlinear Feedforward Controllers from Basic Process Principles
- Some Closing Comments and Outline of Feedforward Controller Design
Multivariable Process Control
- Loop Interaction
- Pairing Controlled and Manipulated Variables
- Decoupling of Interacting Loops
- Multivariable Control vs. Optimization
- Dynamic Analysis of Multivariable Systems
Mathematical Tools for Computer Control Systems
- Computer Process Control
- The z-Transform
- Pulse Transfer Functions
- Sample-Data Feedback Control Systems
- Modified z-Transform
Design of Computer Control Systems
- Development of Control Algorithms
- Tuning of Feedback Control Algorithms
- Feedback Algorithms with Dead-Time Compensation
- Automatic Controller Tuning
- Model-Reference Control
Appendix
- Instrumentation Symbols
- Case Studies
- Sensors, Transmitters and Control Valves