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| هندسة الطيران ................ بإشراف : جاسر, م/ مصطفي, م المصري |
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LinkBack | أدوات الموضوع |
التقييم: 
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30-08-2006, 07:39 PM
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Newcomen Atmospheric Engine
Newcomen Atmospheric Engine This magnificent engine was patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, and is generally regarded as the first 'modern' steam engine. Unlike later steam engines, the Newcomen works on the atmospheric principle.  The Newcomen was first used to pump water from mines in England. The pump rod at left is coupled to the driving piston by a large rocking beam. Water is boiled continuously to produce steam. During the piston's upward stroke this low pressure steam (about 5 p.s.i.) is admitted to the cylinder. The pressure is insufficient to lift the piston on its own -- the weight of the pump rod does most of the work  At the top of the stroke the steam valve is closed and a water jet is briefly turned on, cooling the steam in the cylinder.  The cool steam contracts, sucking the piston downward. ...Or stated another way: the higher atmospheric pressure drives the piston downward, hence the name atmospheric engine. At the end of the stroke, the cooling water is drained from the cylinder by an extra passage not illustrated here.  During the upward stroke, an auxiliary pump fills the cooling water reservoir.  Newcomen engines were successful in part because they were very safe to operate.. Since the steam was under such low pressure, there was no risk of a dangerous boiler explosion. As near as I can tell, the earliest Newcomen engines featured manually operated valves, as illustrated here. An operator apparently stood on a platform near the cylinder base and threw the valve levers on each stroke. (From the illustrations I have available, this engine seems to have stood at least 20 feet tall). Later Newcomen engines featured automatic valves which were coupled to a pushrod attached to the main beam. # يتبع ان شاء الله # 
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30-08-2006, 08:27 PM
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Two Cylinder Stirling Engine
Two Cylinder Stirling Engine The Stirling engine is one of my favorites. It was invented in 1816 by Rev. Robert Stirling of Scotland. The Stirling is a very simple engine, and was often billed as a safe alternative to steam (since there's no boiler to explode).  Stirling engines feature a completely closed system in which the working gas (usually air but sometimes helium or hydrogen) is alternately heated and cooled by shifting the gas to different temperature locations within the system. In the two-cylinder or alpha configured3 Stirling, one cylinder is kept hot while the other is kept cool. In the illustration the lower-left cylinder is heated by burning fuel. The other cylinder is kept cool by an air cooled heat sink (a.k.a. cooling fins). Expansion. At this point, most of the gas in the system has just been driven into the hot cylinder. The gas heats and expands driving both pistons inward.  Transfer At this point, the gas has expanded (about 3 times in this example). Most of the gas (about 2/3rds) is still located in the hot cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crankshaft the next 90 degrees, transferring the bulk of the gas to the cool cylinder.  Contraction Now the majority of the expanded gas has been shifted to the cool cylinder. It cools and contracts, drawing both pistons outward.  Transfer The now contracted gas is still located in the cool cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crank another 90 degrees, transferring the gas to back to the hot cylinder to complete the cycle.  This engine also features a regenerator, illustrated by the chamber containing the green hatch lines. The regenerator is constructed of material that readily conducts heat and has a high surface area (a mesh of closely spaced thin metal plates for example). When hot gas is transferred to the cool cylinder, it is first driven through the regenerator, where a portion of the heat is deposited. When the cool gas is transferred back, this heat is reclaimed; thus the regenerator "pre heats" and "pre cools" the working gas, dramatically improving efficiency.3 # يتبع ان شاء الله #
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30-08-2006, 08:40 PM
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Single Cylinder Stirling Engine
Single Cylinder Stirling Engine This type of Stirling engine, known as the beta configuration3, features just one cylinder with a hot end and a cool end. The working gas is transferred from one end of the cylinder to the other by a device called a displacer (here illustrated in blue). The displacer resembles a large piston, except that it has a smaller diameter than the cylinder, thus its motion does not change the volume of gas in the cylinder - it merely transfers the gas around within the cylinder.  Expansion. At this point, most of the gas in the system has just been driven to the hot end of the cylinder. The gas heats and expands driving the piston outward.  Transfer At this point, the gas has expanded. Most of the gas is still located in the hot end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crankshaft the next quarter turn. The bulk of the gas is transferred around the displacer to the cool end of the cylinder.  Contraction Now the majority of the expanded gas has been shifted to the cool end. It contracts, drawing the piston inward.  Transfer The contracted gas is still located near the cool end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crank another quarter turn, moving the displacer and transferring the bulk of the gas back to the hot end of the cylinder  # يتبع ان شاء الله # التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة م/ مصطفي ; 31-08-2006 الساعة 12:52 PM.
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30-08-2006, 08:41 PM
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Stirling Engine with Ross yoke
Stirling Engine with Ross yoke  Andy Ross , a prominent Stirling engine experimenter, invented the linkage illustrated here.3 The engine is identical in operation to the two cylinder Stirling. In this illustration, the left cylinder is the hot cylinder The linkage allows the engine to be more compact and reduces side loads on the pistons and connecting rods (since their travel is almost linear التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة م/ مصطفي ; 31-08-2006 الساعة 12:57 PM.
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31-08-2006, 03:23 PM
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Gnome
Gnome The Gnome was one of several rotary engines popular on fighter planes during World War I. In this type of engine, the crankshaft is mounted on the airplane, while the crankcase and cylinders rotate with the propeller قم بفتح الصوره المرفقه The Gnome was unique in that the intake valves were located within the pistons. Otherwise, this engine used the familiar Otto four stroke cycle. At any given point, each of the cylinders is in a different phase of the cycle In the following discussion, follow the master cylinder with the green connecting rod Intak During this portion of the stroke, a vacuum forms in the cylinder, forcing the intake valve open and drawing the fuel-air mixture in from the crankcase  Compression The mixture is compressed during this phase. The spark plug fires toward the end of the compression stroke, slightly before top dead center  Power The power stroke happens here. Note that the exhaust valve opens early -- well before bottom dead center  Exhaust This engine has a fairly long exhaust stroke. In order to improve power or efficiency, engine valve timing often varies from what one might expect  Nonetheless, a number of engines were designed this way, including the Gnome, Gnome Monosoupape, LeRhone, Clerget, and Bentley to name a few. It turns out there were some good reasons for the configuration Balance... Note that the crankcase and cylinders revolve in one circle, while the pistons revolve in another, offset circle. Relative to the engine mounting point, there are no reciprocating parts. This means there's no need for a heavy counterbalance Air Cooling... Keeping an engine cool was an ongoing challenge for early engine designers. Many resorted to heavy water cooling systems. Air cooling was quite adequate on rotary engines, since the cylinders are always in motion No flywheel... The crankcase and cylinders provided more than adequate momentum to smooth out the power pulses, eliminating the need for a heavy flywheel All these factors gave rotary engines the best power-to-weight ratio of any configuration at the time, making them ideal for use in fighter planes. Of course, there were disadvantages as well Gyroscopic effect... A heavy spinning object resists efforts to disturb its orientation (A toy gyroscope demonstrates the effect nicely). This made the aircraft difficult to maneuver. Total Loss Oil system. .. Centrifugal force throws lubricating oil out after its first trip through the engine. It was usually castor oil that could be readily combined with the fuel. (The romantic-looking scarf the pilot wore was actually a towel used to wipe the slimy stuff off his goggles The aircraft's range was thus limited by the amount of oil it could carry as well as fuel. Most conventional engines continuously re-circulate a relatively small supply of oil. التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة م/ مصطفي ; 31-08-2006 الساعة 03:26 PM.
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31-08-2006, 04:06 PM
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السلام عليكم و رحمه الله و بركاته
الحمد لله رب العالمين تم الانتهاء من وضع المحركات التي اعرفها و اتمني ان يكون نقلي و شرحي المتواضع لبعض المحركات قد نال رضائكم  ********** و اتقدم بكل الشكر و التقدير و الاحترام للشخص الذي دلني علي الموقع الذي اتيت بصور المحركات المتحركه منه [GLINT] فلا تنسوه و تنسوني من صااالح دعائكم[/GLINT] 
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 ايها النــاظر بعدي في كتـــابـــــي ... مستفيـــدا منه مرغـــوب الطـــلاب
قــاطفــا منه ثمــارا نسقـــت ... بــاجتهـــادي بمشيبــــــي و الشبـــــــــاب اهد لــي منـــك دعـــــا صالحـــــا ... و تحــــري فيه اوقـــــات الاجـــــــاب التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة م/ مصطفي ; 31-08-2006 الساعة 04:16 PM.
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31-08-2006, 05:53 PM
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يعطيك الف عافيه والله انت امييرر
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 يا ناس اعشق شي اسمه بوينج 747 
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31-08-2006, 06:41 PM
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بارك الله فيك اخي الكريم حسووم
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ايها النــاظر بعدي في كتـــابـــــي ... مستفيـــدا منه مرغـــوب الطـــلاب
قــاطفــا منه ثمــارا نسقـــت ... بــاجتهـــادي بمشيبــــــي و الشبـــــــــاب اهد لــي منـــك دعـــــا صالحـــــا ... و تحــــري فيه اوقـــــات الاجـــــــاب
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02-09-2006, 12:54 AM
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كتر خيره اخينا العزيز كتر الله من امثالك وجعلك الله زخرا لنا
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متغيب عن المنتدي بسبب ظروف التجنيد من يوم 14\7/2008
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03-09-2006, 12:34 PM
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جزاك الله خيرا م/ مصطفى على هذا المجهود والشرح الفوق ممتاز واتمنى ان ينفع به كل الاخوه ويجعل فائدته فى ميزان حسناتك ونتمنى منك المزيد ان شاء الله
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03-09-2006, 08:01 PM
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السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,,
جزاك الله خير ونفع الله بك, وليتك تحاول ترجمتها بالعربية كما فعلت في بعض أنواع المحركات عاطر التحايا
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لا إله إلا أنت سبحانك إني كنت من الظالمين
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04-09-2006, 09:05 AM
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اضم صوتى الى اقتراح البشمهندس جاسر
اقتباس:
وسوف نشجع وننمى هذا الحب والشغف اذا جعلنا هناك شرح ولو بسيط باللغه العربيه بجانب اللغه الانجليزيه .. وخالص تحياتى لك على مجهودك الرائع واتمنى ان يكون اقتراح البشمهندس جاسر قيد الدراسه والتفكير .. وجزاك الله خيرا على مجهودك
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04-09-2006, 10:00 AM
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السلام عليكم و رحمه الله و بركاته
اقتباس:
اخي و حبيبي و زميل الدراسه / هيثم ..بارك الله فيك علي هذا المرور الكريم و التحيه الطيبه و جزاك الله خيرا
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ايها النــاظر بعدي في كتـــابـــــي ... مستفيـــدا منه مرغـــوب الطـــلاب
قــاطفــا منه ثمــارا نسقـــت ... بــاجتهـــادي بمشيبــــــي و الشبـــــــــاب اهد لــي منـــك دعـــــا صالحـــــا ... و تحــــري فيه اوقـــــات الاجـــــــاب
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04-09-2006, 10:04 AM
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اقتباس:
اخي الفاضل و اخي الاكبر / جاسر .. جزاك الله كل خير . و باذن الله سحاول جاهدا ان اترجم ما استطيع ترجمته الي العربيه و الله معي
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ايها النــاظر بعدي في كتـــابـــــي ... مستفيـــدا منه مرغـــوب الطـــلاب
قــاطفــا منه ثمــارا نسقـــت ... بــاجتهـــادي بمشيبــــــي و الشبـــــــــاب اهد لــي منـــك دعـــــا صالحـــــا ... و تحــــري فيه اوقـــــات الاجـــــــاب
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