Water Loss Control, Second Edition

Water Loss Control, Second Edition

by: Julian Thornton, Reinhard Sturm, George Kunkel
This comprehensive water utility guide takes you step by step through every stage of the development of a water loss control program, from measuring and auditing water losses, to tracking losses to their root causes, to developing a loss control program for future efficiency. This second edition brings innovative approaches with information on new modeling methods and best practices advocated by the American Water Works Association and the International Water Association.

1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 The Purpose of This Manual and Its Structure . 2

2 Water Loss Control: A Topic of the Twenty-First Century 5
2.1 How Much Water Are We Losing? . 5
2.2 The Need for Water and Basic Facts about the Resource Water .. 7
2.3 Historic Water Supply and Milestones in Water Loss Control .. 8
2.4 The Occurrence and Impact of Lost Water 9
2.5 Forces Driving Change in the Way Water Loss Is Viewed and Managed .. 10
2.6 What is Being Done Around the World to Reduce Lost Water? 11
2.7 Program Needs and Requirements for Water Loss Control 13

3 Understanding the Types of Water Losses 19
3.1 Defining Water Supplier Losses . 19
3.2 Conclusion . 29

4 Water Loss Management in the United States and Internationally—What is Necessary to Control the Water Loss Problem? . 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Water Loss Management in the United States 32
4.3 International Leakage Management 40
4.4 The Need for Meaningful Regulations 46
4.5 Summary . 47

5 Steps and Components of a Water Loss Control Program . 51
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Water Loss Assessment — How Much Water Are We Loosing and Where? 51
5.3 Determine the Economic Optimum for Your Water Losses 55
5.4 Design the Right Intervention Program . 56
5.5 Implementation Phase . 58
5.6 Evaluate the Results . 58
5.7 Examples of Water Loss Control Program Costs in North America 58
5.8 Conclusion . 59

6 Validation of Source Meter Accuracy 61
6.1 The Importance of Source Meter Accuracy to the Integrity of the Water Audit and Loss Control Program . 61
6.2 Key Source Meter Sites for Proper Flow Balancing . 62
6.3 Types of Source Meters . 68
6.4 Source Meter Accuracy and Testing Program Steps . 70
6.5 What to Do if Meters Do Not Exist at Key Metering Sites . 73
6.6 Summary: Source Meter Accuracy . 73

7 Evaluating Water Losses—Using a Standardized Water Audit and Performance Indicators . 75
7.1 Introduction 75
7.2 A Rosetta Stone for Water Loss Measurement . 77
7.3 The Benefits of the IWA/AWWA Standard Water Audit and Performance Indicators . 78
7.4 The IWA/AWWA Recommended Standard Water Audit 79
7.5 Unavoidable Annual Real Losses—Unavoidable Water Losses and Discovered Leaks and Overflows 83
7.6 Which Performance Indicator? What’s Wrong with Percentages? . 87
7.7 IWA/AWWA Recommended Performance Indicators for Nonrevenue Water and Real Losses . 89
7.8 The Use of 95% Confidence Limits and Variance Analysis for Water Audits 92
7.9 Conclusion . 94

8 Data Collection, Formatting, and Management . 95
8.1 Introduction 95
8.2 Data Collection Worksheet 96
8.3 Data Calibration Form . 100
8.4 Summary . 100

9 Identifying Economic Interventions against Water Losses 103
9.1 Introduction 103
9.2 Definition 103
9.3 Short-Run ELL 105
9.4 Long Run ELL 108
9.5 Deficiency in Water Supply Reliability 112
9.6 History and Experience 115
9.7 Practical Application . 116
9.8 Summary . 117

10 Modelling Water Losses 121
10.1 Introduction 121
10.2 Top-Down Water Audit Spreadsheet Models 122
10.3 Component Analysis and Modeling of Apparent Loss 128
10.4 Modeling Components of Real Losses Using Breaks and Background Estimates Concepts 133
10.5 Using BABE Modeling Concepts to Prioritize Activities . 134
10.6 Modeling Background Losses . 138
10.7 Summary . 154

11 Controlling Apparent Losses—Capturing Missing Revenue and Improving Consumption Data Integrity . 155
11.1 Introduction 155
11.2 How Apparent Losses Occur 156
11.3 Customer Meter Inaccuracy . 157
11.4 Data Transfer and Systematic Data-Handling Errors 158
11.5 Unauthorized Consumption 159
11.6 The Impacts of Apparent Losses . 160
11.7 The Economic Approach to Apparent Loss Control . 161
11.8 Developing a Revenue Protection Program to Control Apparent Losses 165
11.9 Apparent Loss Control: A Summary 168

12 Controlling Apparent Losses—Customer Meter Inaccuracy 171
12.1 Customer Meter Function and Accuracy 171
12.2 Customer Meter Demographics and Consumption Record . 172
12.3 Flow Measurement Capabilities of Customer Water Meters . 174
12.4 Customer Meter Sizing . 177
12.5 Developing the Customer Meter Accuracy Testing Program . 181

13 Controlling Apparent Losses from Data Transfer Errors by Leveraging Advanced Metering Infrastructure . 201
13.1 The Customer Water Consumption Data Transfer Process . 201
13.2 Customer Consumption Profiles—Transitioning from Periodic Customer Meter Readings to Granular Consumption Data . 215
13.3 Summary: Apparent Loss from Data Transfer Error 224

14 Controlling Apparent Losses from Systematic Data Handling Errors in Customer Billing Systems . 225
14.1 Compiling Billed Consumption in Customer Billing Systems 225
14.2 Using the Customer Billing System to Extract Customer Water Consumption Data229
14.3 Adjusting for Lag Time in Customer Meter Reading Data . 230
14.4 Determining the Volume of Apparent Loss Due to Systematic Data Handling Error in Customer Billing Systems . 233
14.5 Billing Policy and Procedure Shortcomings . 240
14.6 Quantifying Systematic Data Handling Errors in the Water Audit and Addressing These Losses 245

15 Controlling Apparent Losses—Unauthorized Consumption 247
15.1 Unauthorized Consumption Occurs in Many Ways 247
15.2 Quantifying the Volume of Unauthorized Consumption in the Water Audit . 248
15.3 Controlling Unauthorized Consumption . 249

16 Controlling Real Losses in the Field—Proactive Leak Detection 259
16.1 Introduction 259
16.2 Mapping . 261
16.3 Leakage Fundamentals . 265
16.4 Leak Detection Equipment 269
16.5 Leak Detection Techniques 275
16.6 Zoning and District Metered Areas 281
16.7 Testing for Reservoir Leakage . 292
16.8 Summary . 293

17 Controlling Real Losses—Speed and Quality of Leak Repair . 295
17.1 Introduction 295
17.2 Leak Runtime Reduction . 295
17.3 Quality of Leak Repair . 299
17.4 Summary . 299

18 Controlling Real Losses—Pressure Management 301
18.1 Introduction 301
18.2 Why Undertake Pressure Management Schemes? 302
18.3 Various Types of Pressure Management 307
18.4 Leakage Control—Pressure Leakage Theories . 312
18.5 Overflow Control 314
18.6 Fundamental Monitoring Points . 315
18.7 Flow Measurements . 315
18.8 Pressure Measurements 316
18.9 Using Hydraulic Computer Models to Identify Ideal Locations for Installation . 316
18.10 Understanding the Hydraulics of Your System Prior to Implementation317
18.11 Using Statistical Models to Calculate the Potential Benefit of a Scheme . 317
18.12 Calculating Cost to Benefit Ratios 317
18.13 How Do ACVs Work? 318
18.14 Pressure Reduction 319
18.15 Locating Installation Points in the Field . 320
18.16 Multiple Valve Sectors . 320
18.17 Reservoir and Tank Control . 321
18.18 Valve Selection and Sizing 326
18.19 Using Controllers to Make Your Hydraulic Valves More Efficient .. 332
18.20 SCADA 334
18.21 Valve Installation 335
18.22 Maintenance Concerns . 341
18.23 The Chamber . 341
18.24 Nonhydraulic Pressure Control . 341
18.25 Summary . 343

19 Controlling Real Losses—Infrastructure Management . 345
19.1 Introduction 345
19.2 Pipeline Corrosion . 346
19.3 Pipe Rehabilitation and Replacement 347
19.4 Summary . 350

20 Water Efficiency Programs 351
20.1 Introduction 351
20.2 Why Plan a Water Efficiency Program 352
20.3 System Demand Components and How They Relate to a WEP . 352
20.4 Water Saving Targets . 359
20.5 Implementation Plan . 362
20.6 Monitoring and Tracking . 364
20.7 Lost Revenues 367
20.8 Conclusion . 368

21 Using In-House Staff or a Contractor and Designing a Bid Document369
21.1 Introduction 369
21.2 Using In-House Staff or a Contractor . 369
21.3 Designing a Bid Document . 371
21.4 Summary . 378
21.5 Checklist . 379

22 Understanding Basic Hydraulics 381
22.1 Introduction 381
22.2 Pipe Roughness Coefficients 381
22.3 C-Factor Testing in the Field 382
22.4 Firefighting Regulations 383
22.5 Flow Terms . 383
22.6 Pressure Terms 387
22.7 Summary . 392

A Case Studies 393
B Equipment&Techniques 533
C Demand Profiling for Optimal Meter Sizing 589

Glossary 607
Index 615

Published by McGraw-Hill Professional
Edition: 2008 - Hardback - 632 pp.
ISBN 978-0-07-149918-7

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